NEW YORK — Unless the subject was vampires, or the author our next president, it was a hard, discouraging year for the book business.

A recession that only deepened led to layoffs and other cutbacks among publishers, fewer books being purchased by customers, fewer books being ordered by retailers and, as ever in the industry, visions of a post-literate future.

But there were successes in 2008, not just the headlined hits such as Stephenie Meyer's "Breaking Dawn" and Barack Obama's "The Audacity of Hope," but works that quietly, effectively sold better than expected. Lesser-known books such as Kao Kalia Yang's "The Latehomecomer," a Hmong American's memoir, or Nicholas Carr's "The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, From Edison to Google," went into second printings and beyond thanks not to a movie or celebrity power, but to reviews, word-of-mouth and luck.

A further sampling of this year's "sleepers," including a French novel in translation, a Christmas tale and an early, prescient look at an Obama economy:

—"The Elegance of the Hedgehog," written by Muriel Barbery, translated by Alison Anderson. In a year when Nobel literature judge Horace Engdahl ridiculed Americans as indifferent to foreign writers, this French novel about of a middle-aged concierge and a troubled young girl has 65,000 copies in print, up from an original 20,000. Publisher Kent Carroll of Europa Editions credits "that all important opinion shaper: word-of-mouth."

—"The Secret Scripture," Sebastian Barry. An Irish novel centered on a 100-year-old mental patient, it was published in June with a first printing of just 4,000. Editor Paul Slovak at Viking explains that because Barry's previous books, including "A Long, Long Way," had sold so little, stores were reluctant to take many copies for this one, or agree to have Barry appear for a reading. Thanks to strong reviews and, again, word-of-mouth, the book is now in its sixth printing, with 30,000 copies.

—"Obamanomics," John R. Talbott. A catchy call for a bottom-up economy seems like an obvious hit now, but not when it was offered a year ago to publisher Dan Simon of Seven Stories Press, when Hillary Clinton was the presumed nominee and the Iraq War the foremost current event.

But times changed in unexpected and uncanny ways. "Obamanomics" was published in July with a first printing of 15,000, soon after Obama clinched his stunning nomination. The book sold well from the start, grew stronger as the economy collapsed and now has 55,000 copies in print.

— "The Man Who Invented Christmas," Les Standiford. The subtitle sells even better: "How Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits." Published by Crown in early November, it quickly went into a second printing, 25,000 copies in all. And that was two weeks before Christmas.

The hot books of 2008:

—"Breaking Dawn," Stephenie Meyer. The finale of Meyer's million-selling vampire series, and the year's favorite teen scream.

—"The Story of Edgar Sawtelle," David Wroblewski. A debut novel that became a word-of-mouth hit in the summer, then a mega-selling smash in the fall, thanks to the megaphone power of Oprah Winfrey.

—"Dreams From My Father," Barack Obama. First published in 1995, when Obama was best known as the first black president of ... the Harvard Law Review.

—"The Audacity of Hope," Barack Obama. First published in 2006, when Obama was best known as a senator, speechmaker and potential presidential candidate ... in the distant future.

—"The Shack," William P. Young. A Christian novel originally self-published with a printing of 15 copies for friends of the author. He now has at least a million such "friends."